To explore the latent patterns of psychological adjustment among medical students and their differential associations with anxiety and depression from a positive psychology perspective, the data from 1054 medical students were collected using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, and the Patient Health Questionnaire, the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, the brief version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, the Light Triad Scale. The results indicated that the three psychological adjustment profiles differ significantly: psychological integration, resource depletion, and cognitive-emotional exhaustion, with heterogeneity in the protective effects of the Light Triad. Furthermore, the lower psychological adjustment levels corresponded to more severe anxiety and depression. These findings expand and enrich the understanding of positive psychology and provide new direction for the development of targeted psychological interventions.