The positive effects of action video games on individual visual processing can be systematically explained through the dual-process theory framework. In low-level (bottom-up) visual processing, players exhibit heightened visual acuity, precision, and contrast sensitivity; in high-level (top-down) visual processing, they demonstrate superior attentional control and allocation abilities. Neuroimaging studies indicate that enhanced functional connectivity in the parietal-frontal network supports the automation of bottom-up processing, while increased inhibitory function in the medial temporal lobe is closely associated with optimized active control in top-down processing. Cross-sectional studies reveal significant visual processing advantages among habitual players, whereas intervention studies show less pronounced improvements in non-players—a discrepancy that may be attributed to selection bias, insufficient training duration, and sample size limitations. Different game genres exert distinct cognitive effects: shooter games enhance visual processing, while adventure games improve executive functions and problem-solving abilities. Future research should prioritize the rational selection of participants, the reliability, validity, and long-term efficacy of intervention training, as well as the practical utility of action video games among diverse age groups, particularly children and older adults.
