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01 September 2019Volume 7 Issue 9 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Revision and Validation of the Empathy Questionnaire YAN Zhiqiang, LIU Yue, PEI Meng, SU Yanjie Psychology: Techniques and Application. 2019, 7 (9):  514-522.  DOI: 10.16842/j.cnki.issn2095-5588.2019.09.001 Abstract ( 482 )   PDF（pc） (700KB) ( 916 )   Save Currently, instruments to study the development of empathy in childhood are hardly available in China. In order to fill this gap, the authors translated the Empathy Questionnaire, and successively administered in multiple samples. Samples 1 and 2 results on reliability showed good internal consistency and temporal stability. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Empathy Questionnaire had a three-factor structure, including emotion contagion, attention to others feelings and prosocial actions. Moreover, such structure was strictly invariant across genders. To exam the criterion validity of the questionnaire, the empathy of Sample 3 was measured by the questionnaire and an empathy vignette task at the same time. Results showed that the score on the questionnaire was closely related to the performance in empathy vignette task. Taken together, the results above showed that the translated Empathy Questionnaire was high in reliability and validity, and could be used as a general tool to measure childrens empathy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Different Empathy Components of Preschool Children WEI Qi, SU Yanjie Psychology: Techniques and Application. 2019, 7 (9):  523-535.  DOI: 10.16842/j.cnki.issn2095-5588.2019.09.002 Abstract ( 551 )   PDF（pc） (709KB) ( 814 )   Save Empathy refers to the propensity to “share and understand others feelings during social interaction”. Preschool years are considered as the beginning of social interactions among children, a critical period for empathy development. However, for this period it was lacking in valid measurement methods. The purpose of this study was to develop a suitable measurement method for empathy of preschool children and investigate its different components.In Study 1 (Experiment 1), the Griffith Empathy Measure (GEM) was revised by changing the parent-report format to teacher-report, and the revised version was applied to a sample of 207 children. An exploratory factor analysis showed that, the revised GEM consisted of 3 individual components named affective, cognitive and behavioral components respectively, each accounting for 4254%, 10. 12% and 691% of variance. The cronbach alphas were 092 for the full scale, and 092, 085 and 081 for affective, cognitive and behavioral subscales, therefore the reliability of the study was good. In Experiment 2a of Study 2, the structure of GEM revised in Experiment 1 was verified and the characteristics of the three empathy components were investigated. A confirmatory factor analysis indicated that, the three-factor model had better fitting results than the conventional two-factor model. Comparison by age showed that, the three individual components exhibited different characteristics. Specifically, affective empathy almost matured by preschool age, and the critical period for the development of behavioral empathy was at the age of 3 and 4, but cognitive empathy would not start developing rapidly until the age of 4 and 5. In Experiment 2b, the spontaneous empathic responses of 39 children in natural situations were investigated by emotion simulation procedure. The correlation between the revised GEM and spontaneous empathic responsive behaviors were different among the three components.In summary, the current findings suggested that GEM was a suitable measure for assessing empathy characteristic for preschoolers. The affective, behavioral and cognitive components were closely linked with spontaneous responses to others distress and sequentially developed during preschool years. Related Articles | Metrics

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Revision of QCAE Empathy Scale for Chinese Adolescents WANG Xieshun, SU Yanjie Psychology: Techniques and Application. 2019, 7 (9):  536-547.  DOI: 10.16842/j.cnki.issn2095-5588.2019.09.003 Abstract ( 1942 )   PDF（pc） (694KB) ( 2225 )   Save In a sample of Chinese adolescents aged 10～15, the present study revised the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE). The sample was randomly divided into two parts, part one (N=620) for exploratory factor analysis, and part two (N=480) for confirmatory factor analysis. Various indicators showed that a 3-factor structure was most suitable for the current sample. Finally, a total of 17 items were retained, which were divided into three subscales: Perspective Taking (PT), Online Simulation (OS), and Emotion Responsivity (ER). The internal consistency (Cronbachs α) was 0.79, 0.67 and 0.76, respectively. In addition, the revised QCAE not only had a high correlation with Chinese version of Griffith Empathy Measurement, but also could predict performance in “compliant” and “emotional” subscales of Chinese version of Prosocial Tendencies Measure for Adolescent. To sum up, the revised QCAE for Chinese adolescents has good internal consistency reliability, construct validity and criterion-related validity, and is a suitable instrument for the empathy of Chinese adolescents. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effect of Selfembarrassment and Empathic Embarrassment on the Helping Decision WANG Xiaojin, XU Jiaying, HAO Fang Psychology: Techniques and Application. 2019, 7 (9):  548-555.  DOI: 10.16842/j.cnki.issn2095-5588.2019.09.004 Abstract ( 539 )   PDF（pc） (596KB) ( 813 )   Save It hasnt come to any unanimous conclusion about whether embarrassment, a kind of moral emotion, has positive effect on the decision to help others, or not. Choosing ninety-two undergraduates from Nanjing as participants, this study divided them randomly into selfembarrassment group, empathic embarrassment group as well as neutral group, and set donating situation and offering help time situation, where all the participants would make the helping decision after inducing selfembarrassment and empathic embarrassment. The results were compared with the baseline helping decision of neutral group and also the gender differences were compared. The findings show that the main effects of different types of embarrassment and the gender are significant in the donating situation, while the main effects or interaction effects of different types of embarrassment are not significant in the offering help time situation, which suggest that embarrassment has a certain positive role in the helping decision, whose effect is related to the specific helping situations. This study provides a new perspective for the exploration between embarrassment and the helping decision as well as the helping behavior. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effect of Shyness on Social Barriers among College Students: The Role of Parenting Pattern and Selfesteem WANG Runzhou, LIU Mengxi, KONG Wenya, ZHU Miao, SONG Yaowu Psychology: Techniques and Application. 2019, 7 (9):  556-564.  DOI: 10.16842/j.cnki.issn2095-5588.2019.09.005 Abstract ( 422 )   PDF（pc） (840KB) ( 644 )   Save To explore the mechanism between shyness and social barriers in college students, a sample of 991 college students was recruited in the present study to complete Shyness Scale, the SelfEsteem Scale, Egma Minnen av Bardndosnauppforstran, and Social Avoidance and Distress Scale. The results show the following: (1) Shyness has a positive predictive effect on social barriers, while shyness negatively predicts selfesteem, and selfesteem also negatively predicts social barriers. (2) Selfesteem plays a partial mediating role in the effect of shyness on college students social barriers. (3) Maternal refusing and maternal punishment strictness play a mediated moderation role in the effect of shyness on college students social barriers. The results also provide theoretical and practical guidance for the early prevention and intervention of college students social barriers. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Roles of Executive Function on Creative Insight YUAN Yuan Psychology: Techniques and Application. 2019, 7 (9):  565-572.  DOI: 10.16842/j.cnki.issn2095-5588.2019.09.006 Abstract ( 387 )   PDF（pc） (604KB) ( 685 )   Save The role of executive function on creative insight is a vital but relatively new issue in the field of thinking. The present work summarized the literatures of the influence of executive function on creative insight from cognitive behavioral and neurophysiological aspects, and discussed the potential mechanisms on different components (working memory and inhibition) of executive function underwrite the processes of both attempting solving insightful problem and representation restructuring within insightful problem solving as well as possible functional dissociations, combining with the dynamic process of creative insight. The results showed that working memory within executive function significantly influenced verbal as well as visuospatial insight, however, inhibition took difference roles on those two types of creative insight and exhibited stronger effect on verbal insight. Moreover, working memory mainly underwrote the initial process regards to attempting solving insightful problem, while inhibition played complex roles on initial searching and later process of representation restructuring. Future studies should combine various research methods to determine detailed mechanisms of different components of executive function on verbal and visuospatial insight during their various processing stages from cognitive behavioral and neuroscientific perspectives. Related Articles | Metrics

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Viewing People with History and Knowing History with Heart—Comments on Psychological Biography of Historical Celebrities JIANG Yongzhi Psychology: Techniques and Application. 2019, 7 (9):  573-576.  DOI: 10.16842/j.cnki.issn2095-5588.2019.09.007 Abstract ( 391 )   PDF（pc） (514KB) ( 444 )   Save Psychobiography is a research field of psychology, which is based on psychology, history and many other adjacent disciplines. It uses psychological theories and methods to analyze the individuals life experience and attempt to improve human understanding of their own. The publication of “Psychological Biography of Historic Celebrities” adds a strong brush to the study of psychobiography, and provides a new research perspective and a new research path for the related fields of psychology. From the perspective of psychobiography, this book explores the psychological course and growth path of historical celebrities, which can enable future generations to view People with history and known history with heart. Specifically, this book has the following characteristics: first, it reflects the living characteristics of psychological research, second, it reflects the characteristics of integration psychology and history, and third, it reflects the characteristics of suspense issues to expand the boundaries of psychological research. Related Articles | Metrics